The Concept of Religious Excess (Ghulu) in the Qur’ān: A Comparative Exegetical Study

قرآنی تناظر میں غلو کا تصور: مفسرینِ کرام کی آراء کا تحقیقی و تقابلی مطالعہ

Abstract

The conceptual framework of "Ghulu" (Religious Excess/Extremism) holds a strategic position within theological discourse, directly impacting the stability, peace, and welfare of faith-based societies. Ghulu represents a cognitive and practical deviation from the balanced path of religion, leading into the abyss of extremism. This research paper provides a comprehensive scholarly investigation into the phenomenon of Ghulu through the lens of two pivotal Quranic verses: Surah An-Nisa (171) and Surah Al-Ma'idah (77). By synthesizing the insights of classical commentators such as Imam al-Tabari, Imam al-Maturidi, and Imam al-Razi with modern scholars like Rashid Rida and Ibn Ashur, this study constructs an authoritative exegetical framework. The primary focus of this research is the historical deviation of the "Ahl-e-Kitab" (People of the Book), which the Quran characterizes as Ghulu. The study evaluates how the Christians engaged in "Ifraat" (Excess) by deifying Jesus (A.S) beyond his status as a servant of God, while the Jews engaged in "Tafreet" (deficiency) through unjustified degradation and denial of his prophethood. The exegetical review demonstrates that Ghulu is not merely a theoretical debate but a primary driver of "Fasād fi’l-Arḍ" (corruption on earth), which led to the destruction of previous nations. Employing an exegetical and comparative methodology, the paper explores linguistic roots and theological complexities. The findings underscore the necessity of adhering to "Haneefiyat-e-Samha" (The Easy Monotheism) and the "Middle Path" (Iqtisad) to navigate 21st-century challenges. The synthesis of diverse scholarly views reveals that religious moderation is the only safeguard against intellectual chaos and social disintegration. The paper concludes by suggesting that educational and religious institutions must integrate the prevention of extremism into their core curricula to foster a balanced society.