Al-Mithaq ( Research Journal of Islamic Theology)
Al-Mīthāq (Research Journal of Islamic Theology) ISSN: 2791-0989 (P), 2791-0997 (E) is a tri-lingual (Urdu, English and Arabic), Double-Blind Peer-Reviewed, Open access, Quarterly Research Journal, is published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development. In this journal different aspects of Islamic theology and their impact on Muslim world are discussed.
Hira Institute of Social Science Research & Development
The Historical and Theoretical Foundations of the Evolution of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt
The study explores the emergence, development, and intellectual grounding of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt (Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities) within the broader framework of Islamic jurisprudence. It traces the historical roots of minority-related legal discussions from the classical period of Islamic law to the contemporary era, highlighting how changing socio-political contexts have necessitated fresh juristic responses. The research examines the theoretical foundations of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt, emphasizing the role of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah (objectives of Islamic law) as a guiding principle in addressing the unique challenges faced by Muslim minorities living in non-Muslim societies. It argues that traditional legal methodologies, while rooted in classical jurisprudence, require contextual reinterpretation through contemporary ijtihād to remain relevant and effective. Furthermore, the article analyzes the evolution of Islamic legal thought in response to globalization, migration, citizenship, and pluralistic societies, demonstrating how Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt seeks to balance religious commitment with civic responsibility. The study underscores that this field is not a departure from Islamic legal tradition but an extension of its dynamic and adaptive nature. By situating Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt within both historical continuity and modern legal discourse, the article highlights its significance as a vital area of contemporary Islamic jurisprudence, capable of offering practical and ethically grounded solutions for Muslim minorities in diverse global contexts.
Spiritual Training and the Prophetic Sīrah
Islam offers a holistic framework for human development that addresses both the external and internal dimensions of life. Among its core objectives is tazkiyah the purification of the soul and moral refinement. The Prophetic Sīrah (biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) stands as a timeless model for spiritual training, providing a comprehensive system that nurtures sincerity, remembrance of Allah (dhikr), self-accountability, repentance, patience, gratitude, and noble character. This study explores the spiritual methodology embedded in the life of the Prophet ﷺ and analyzes its relevance for personal transformation and societal wellbeing. The Qur’ānic verse, "He purifies them and teaches them the Book and wisdom" (Sūrah Al-Jumu'ah: 2), encapsulates the Prophet’s ﷺ dual mission of intellectual enlightenment and inner purification. In an age dominated by materialism, psychological unrest, and ethical decline, the Prophetic model of spiritual development emerges as a vital remedy for the human soul. This paper argues for the urgent need to revive Sīrah-based spirituality across various platforms educational curricula, community institutions, media, and digital technology to cultivate conscious, ethical, and spiritually grounded individuals.
An Analytical Study of the 19th-Century Modern Atheistic Movement in the Indian Subcontinent in the Light of Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī
This study examines the emergence of the modern atheistic movement in the nineteenth-century Indian Subcontinent and evaluates its intellectual foundations in light of Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī. The research highlights how forms of skepticism among the educated Muslim elite. British colonial rule, Western rationalism, scientific thought, and socio-cultural changes contributed to new It further analyzes Mawlānā ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Ḥaqqānī’s interpretive approach, which responds to these challenges through a balanced integration of classical Islamic theology and reasoned argumentation. The study concludes that Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī serves as a significant scholarly defense of traditional Islamic belief against modern secular and atheistic interpretations, offering an enduring framework for understanding and countering contemporary ideological trends.
A Study of the Status of the Prophet (PBUH) in the Light of the Holy Qur’ān and Its Effects
The Qur’ān delineates the unparalleled status of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), presenting him not merely as a messenger but as the ultimate exemplar of divine guidance and moral perfection. The recognition of his Maqām (exalted rank) constitutes an essential component of Islamic belief, wherein obedience, reverence, and love for the Prophet are directly linked to the completeness of faith. This elevated position, as articulated in various Qur’ānic verses, manifests in two dimensions: theological significance and socio-practical impact. Theologically, Maqām-e-Muṣṭafā affirms his role as the medium of divine mercy, the seal of prophethood, and the embodiment of Qur’ānic values. Practically, it inspires individual spiritual refinement, fosters collective solidarity, and establishes a framework for justice and ethical conduct within society. By integrating doctrinal principles with practical imperatives, the Qur’ān underscores the enduring relevance of the Prophet’s status for the preservation of Islamic identity and the moral flourishing of the Muslim Ummah. This study, therefore, provides an analytical exploration of the Qur’ānic discourse on Maqam-e-Mustafa and its transformative impacts on both individual and communal levels.
The Intellectual and Practical Role of Pīr Meher ʻAlī Shāh in the Refutation of Qadianism
Abstract This study examines the intellectual and practical role of Pīr Meher ʿAlī Shāh in the refutation of Qadianism (Ahmadiyya movement) during the late colonial period of the Indian subcontinent. It highlights his unique position as a Sufi-scholar who combined rigorous classical learning with spiritual authority and public engagement. On the intellectual level, the paper analyzes his scholarly critiques, most notably his reasoned response to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s doctrinal claims grounded in Qurʾān, Sunnah, consensus (ijmāʿ), and principles of Islamic theology and finality of prophethood (Khatm al-Nubuwwah). On the practical level, the study explores his role in mobilizing religious scholars, influencing public opinion, and safeguarding mainstream Sunni belief through debates, correspondence, and institutional support. The paper argues that Pīr Meher ʿAlī Shāh’s contribution represents a balanced model of scholarly refutation and ethical engagement, demonstrating how intellectual rigor, spiritual credibility, and social responsibility can effectively respond to doctrinal challenges. His approach not only countered Qadianism in his own time but also left a lasting impact on later movements defending Islamic orthodoxy in South Asia.
The Role of Reasoning and Nature (Fiṭrah) in Shaping and Originating the Objectives of Sharīʿah: A Study in the Perspectives of Early and Later Muslim Scholars
This article explores the role of reason (‘aql) and human nature (fitrah) in the determination and inference of the objectives of Sharīʿah (Maqasid al- Sharīʿah) as understood by classical and modern scholars. It highlights that Sharīʿah is not merely a set of legal rules but a comprehensive system designed to ensure human well-being in both worldly and spiritual life. The study traces the historical evolution of the concept of Maqasid, from its early emergence in classical jurisprudence to its systematic articulation by later scholars such as Al-Shatibi. Classical scholars like Imam Shafi‘i, Imam Abu Hanifa, and Imam Malik emphasized the interplay of reason and human nature in understanding the wisdom and objectives behind legal rulings, while maintaining the primacy of textual evidence. Modern scholars, including Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur, ‘Allal al-Fassi, and Yusuf al-Qaradawi, have expanded the scope of Maqasid to include human dignity, social justice, and civilizational interests, viewing reason and fitrah as essential tools for adapting Shariah to contemporary challenges. The article concludes that both reason and human nature serve as complementary guides in the comprehension and application of Shariah objectives, bridging the gap between textual injunctions and the ethical and societal imperatives they intend to serve.
A Research Based Study of the Objectives of Sharīʻah and Juristic Legal Maxims as Mentioned in the Fatawa of Dārul ʻUlūm Deoband by Muftī Muḥammad Shafīʿ
This research article presents an analytical study of the application of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (the objectives of Islamic law) and major Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah (juristic maxims) in Fatāwā Dār al-ʿUlūm Deoband authored by Mufti Muhammad Shafiʿ (d. 1396 AH). The study highlights Mufti Shafiʿ’s distinguished juristic methodology, developed during his tenure as Ṣadr Mufti of Dār al-ʿUlūm Deoband (1349–1362 AH), and later continued in Karachi. It demonstrates how his fatwas consistently balance textual evidences with higher objectives of the Sharīʿah, particularly the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and wealth. Through a thematic and analytical approach, the research examines numerous fatwas in which Mufti Muhammad Shafiʿ explicitly or implicitly employed maqāṣid-oriented reasoning, precautionary principles, and well-established juristic maxims such as al-ḍarūrāt tubīḥ al-maḥẓūrāt (necessities permit prohibitions), lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār (no harm and no reciprocating harm), al-ʿurf muʿtabar (custom is legally recognized), and al-ḍarar yuzāl (harm must be eliminated). The article shows that while remaining firmly rooted in the Hanafi legal tradition, Mufti Shafiʿ adopted a pragmatic and socially conscious approach, particularly in matters related to modern challenges, public welfare, health crises, economic transactions, and social customs. The study concludes that Fatāwā Dār al-ʿUlūm Deoband represent a comprehensive and balanced model of applied Islamic jurisprudence, wherein adherence to classical principles is harmonized with consideration of societal realities and public interest. The research emphasizes the contemporary relevance of Mufti Muhammad Shafiʿ’s juristic methodology and recommends further comparative, thematic, and digital research on this significant corpus to facilitate its effective use in addressing modern legal and ethical issues in the Muslim world.
Syed Abul Aʻalā Mawdūdī’s Methodology in Responding to Contemporary Atheistic Critiques on Islamic Modesty (Pardah)
Syed Abul Aʻalā Mawdūdī adopted a comprehensive and multidimensional methodology in responding to contemporary atheistic critiques against Islamic concepts, particularly Islamic modesty (Pardah). Recognizing the diversity in intellectual capacity, social background, and psychological disposition of his audience, he employed varied styles of argumentation across his writings to effectively communicate his message. His approach combined rational reasoning, moral critique, sociological analysis, and persuasive discourse to address doubts and objections raised by modern atheistic thought. Mawdūdī viewed atheistic criticism of Islamic modesty not as an isolated issue but as part of a broader denial of God, religion, and moral restraints. He argued that such objections were driven by an underlying desire to free human beings from divine limits, ultimately subjecting them to unchecked desires, sexual indulgence, and materialistic domination. By systematically countering these critiques, Mawdūdī sought to reaffirm the moral, spiritual, and civilizational wisdom of Islamic teachings and successfully persuaded many religion-averse individuals of the intellectual and ethical validity of Islam. His methodology remains a significant model for engaging with modern ideological challenges to Islamic values.
Prophetic Teachings on Combating Environmental Pollution and Our Responsibilities
This study examines the prophetic guidance related to environmental preservation and situates it within contemporary ecological challenges. Drawing upon Qur’anic principles of balance, moderation, and the purposeful order embedded in creation, the article highlights how the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) teachings articulate a comprehensive ethic of environmental responsibility. The research surveys major forms of pollution, water, land, air, and noise, and analyzes relevant prophetic instructions that aim to prevent harm, maintain cleanliness, and safeguard natural resources. These teachings address both direct environmental concerns, such as preventing the contamination of water sources, maintaining public hygiene, and discouraging wasteful consumption, as well as broader ecological sensibilities rooted in compassion for all living beings. Although many modern environmental crises are products of industrialization and technological excess, the article demonstrates that the Prophet’s principles offer enduring ethical foundations for sustainable living. The concluding section outlines the individual and collective responsibilities that emerge from this prophetic framework and proposes how they can inform present-day efforts to counter environmental degradation. By rediscovering and implementing these teachings with conscious intent, Muslim societies can contribute meaningfully to global environmental stewardship.
Ḥadīth Ḍa‘īf: Methodological Differences and Practical Implementation: An Analytical Study
This study critically explores the role of Ḥadith-e-Da‘if in shaping methodological differences and practical applications within the Islamic scholarly tradition. It examines the historical divergence among Ḥadith scholars regarding the acceptance and use of Da‘if narrations, categorizing approaches as precautionary, ijtihādī, and devotional-ethical. By analyzing theoretical frameworks alongside practical applications, the research assesses the adherence to established conditions for employing Hadith-e-Da‘if in historical contexts. Case studies of leading scholars, including Imam Ahmad, Imam Nawawi, and Ibn Hajar, reveal occasional gaps between stated principles and their practical implementation. These variations highlight both the richness and the complexity of Islamic jurisprudential discourse. The study concludes that while scholarly methodologies were rigorous in theory, practical implementation often reflected flexibility, underscoring the need for a balanced approach by contemporary scholars. This research offers insights into the interplay between Hadith criticism and its real-world application, providing guidance for methodologically sound utilization in modern scholarship.
Women’s Adornment and Plastic Surgery: A Critical Analysis of Ja‘farī Jurisprudence and Contemporary Juristic Ijtihādāt
This article offers a critical and analytical examination of women’s adornment practices and the contemporary rise of cosmetic and plastic surgery, situating the debate within the jurisprudential frameworks of the four Sunni schools of law, the Jaʿfari school, and the positions of modern jurists. The rapid transformation of aesthetic standards in the modern world has not only reshaped social expectations but has also raised complex legal-ethical questions in Islamic jurisprudence. These questions include: To what extent are cosmetic modifications permissible? How should Islamic law distinguish between treatment, necessity, removal of defects, and mere beautification? And does plastic surgery constitute an unlawful alteration of God’s creation, or can it be considered a legitimate form of medical treatment? Drawing upon classical principles such as taghyīr khalq Allāh (altering creation), tashabbuh (imitation), ḍarar (harm), ḥājah (need), and ʿurf (social custom), the study maps out the diverse legal reasoning employed by past and present jurists. It critically compares the interpretive methodologies of the four Sunni madhāhib and the Jaʿfari school, highlighting both areas of convergence such as permissibility in cases of genuine deformity and points of divergence, particularly concerning purely beautifying procedures. Ultimately, the analysis reveals that while Islamic jurisprudence maintains a clear commitment to preserving human dignity and preventing harm, it also provides flexible interpretive avenues that accommodate medical necessity, corrective procedures, and culturally informed notions of adornment.
A Comparative Analysis of Madaris and Sīrah-Based Education Systems
This research investigates the teaching and mentorship practices employed at the registered madrassas (Islamic schools) in Karachi that operate under Wifāq ul Madāris Al ʻArabia. Analysing the design and approaches of these schools will help this study evaluate the degree to which these madrassas observe the customary Islamic educational practices and respond to the challenges posed by the modern world. Throughout this study, special focus is given to the Sīrah of Ḥaḍrat Muhammad (ﷺ). The Sīrah plays an important role in illustrating the ideal model that combines both educational mentoring as well as the spiritual and the soul. As such, this study seeks to understand how the madaris in Karachi are attempting to incorporate this model in their educational approaches, especially given the social and technological advancements in the world around them. It has been observed during this study that while such institutions are dedicated to teaching the Sīrah, the complete vision of spiritually integrated education, that is, the educational model has yet to be achieved. It is true that there is administrative intervention in the madaris and that there are efforts aimed at improving the operational, educational, and administrative efficiency of individual madaris. Even with such efforts, the development of an integrated spiritually oriented education that aligns with the intellectual and the modern education as well as moral and ethical education is an area that still requires extensive attention. One of the most important understandings of this study is the appreciation of the concordance with the Sīrah concerning educational values, particularly the principles of compassion, ethics, and personalization within the teacher-student relationship. Nonetheless, the vision for their integration within daily practice remains unfulfilled. The study proposes the integration of spiritual and ethical components within the assessment framework of madaris to evaluate whether such values are being taught. Moreover, the teacher-student relationship, especially the mentoring component, ought to bear more of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) compassionate approach to promote the personal and moral development of the students. These suggestions are essential not only for the replacement of the madaris system in Karachi but also for the more extensive reforms in the global Islamic education system. If more attention is given to the Sīrah within the curriculum, then the madaris will transform into more comprehensive educational institutions that foster the mind and spirit and prepare students to tackle the difficulties of the contemporary world harmonized with Islamic traditions. It is in light of this that this research aspires to shift the discourse regarding the reform of the Islamic educational system in a way that meets the needs of the global Muslim population.
Analytical Study of Family and Social Issues of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is one of the most significant provinces of Pakistan, distinguished by its unique cultural, social, and historical characteristics. The majority of its population consists of Pashtuns, a nation known for its distinct traditions, values, and social norms. The religious and social attitudes of the people are deeply rooted, and Islamic law and jurisprudence hold a central position in shaping their personal and collective lives. Despite its cultural richness and strong religious foundation, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is confronted with a number of social, economic, familial and judicial challenges which have become major obstacles to the overall progress and development of the region. These problems include widespread poverty, lack of quality education, insufficient healthcare facilities, violation of women’s rights, family disputes, delays in the justice system, and the rising rate of crime. This article, however, focuses specifically on the family and social issues of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Family problems in this province are directly linked to broader societal issues, as social norms, customs, and cultural expectations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa often hinder the proper implementation of Islamic family laws in their true spirit. Human nature varies, and within society some individuals create complications while others attempt to resolve them. Therefore, the critical investigation of these problems and the search for practical and effective solutions is not only necessary for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but also important for the development of Pakistan as a whole. For this reason, the present topic is both relevant and essential in contemporary academic and social research.
Dhikr, Gratitude, and Patience: A Comprehensive Concept of the Path of Servitude in the Light of the Holy Qur’ān (Thematic Analysis of Sūrah Al-Baqarah Ᾱyāt152–157)
This research examines the Qur’ānic concepts of Dhikr (remembrance of Allah), Shukr (gratitude), and Ṣabr (patience) as key principles for spiritual, moral, and psychological development. By employing a qualitative strategy through a thematic and analytical study of selected Qur’ānic verses, the research explores how these three virtues form a comprehensive framework Dhikr strengthens the believer’s connection with the Creator for human well-being. Dhikr creates a constant awareness of divine presence that soothes the heart and aligns human emotions with faith. Ṣabr enables endurance and moral strength in times of hardship, reinforcing reliance upon Allah and trust in His wisdom. Shukr transforms the believer’s perception of reality, fostering contentment, humility, and a positive outlook on life. Together, these three principles constitute a dynamic spiritual triad that enhances resilience, emotional balance, and social harmony. The study further demonstrates that these principles are not confined to spiritual practice but also offer practical guidance for addressing modern challenges such as anxiety, materialism, and moral decline. The findings indicate that remembrance strengthens patience, patience deepens gratitude, and gratitude sustains remembrance forming a self-reinforcing cycle of spiritual growth. The study suggests that these values hold significant relevance for addressing modern challenges such as anxiety, materialism, and moral fragmentation. Integrating Dhikr, Ṣabr, and Shukr into personal life, education, and community practice can cultivate both individual well-being and collective spiritual consciousness.
Standards of Reasoning from the Tacit Approvals of the Prophet (ﷺ)
The tacit approvals (taqrīrāt) of the Prophet Muḥammad (ﷺ) represent a significant source of Islamic law and jurisprudential reasoning, as they embody the Prophet’s silent endorsement of particular acts, sayings, or practices performed in his presence. This research explores the methodological and epistemological standards through which jurists infer legal and moral rulings from such tacit approvals. It examines the conditions under which a tacit approval attains evidentiary authority (ḥujjiyyah), such as the Prophet’s awareness of the act, absence of disapproval, and contextual relevance. The paper further analyzes the standards of reasoning (ma‘āyīr al-istidlāl) applied by classical jurists, including considerations of time, circumstance, and custom, and evaluates how these standards ensure the reliability of inferences drawn from silence or non-objection. Comparative discussions between the major schools of Islamic jurisprudence reveal nuanced differences in the scope and application of tacit approvals in deriving legal rulings. The study concludes that taqrīrāt nabawiyyah provide a profound epistemic foundation for understanding the Prophet’s normative guidance, emphasizing that reasoning from them must adhere to strict methodological standards that preserve both textual integrity and juristic precision.
Obstacles to Social Peace and Stability and their Remedies
The present study undertakes a critical examination of the multifarious impediments to social peace and stability, with particular emphasis on socio-cultural, economic, political, legal, and technological dimensions. It contends that factors such as sectarian and religious conflicts, economic inequalities, political polarization, weak legal enforcement, cultural intolerance, and the unregulated use of modern technology collectively generate conditions of social disharmony and instability. By employing an analytical framework, the research underscores the necessity of a holistic and integrated approach to conflict resolution and peacebuilding. The findings suggest that the synergy between state institutions and community-based organizations plays a pivotal role in mitigating these challenges. Moreover, the activation of peace committees, local councils, and community mediation forums, coupled with initiatives for public education, awareness, and value-based training, are identified as crucial instruments for fostering tolerance, inclusivity, and social cohesion. Ensuring equitable distribution of resources and expanding economic opportunities are further highlighted as indispensable measures for addressing marginalization and systemic disparities. Finally, the study emphasizes the regulation of digital platforms and the promotion of digital literacy as essential mechanisms for countering misinformation and extremist narratives. The research concludes that the integration of these strategies can serve as a viable pathway toward constructing a resilient, peaceful, and sustainable society.
The Negative Effects of Using Tik-Tok and Instagram on Muslim Youth and its Solution in Islamic Teachings
The rapid expansion of social media platforms such as Tik-Tok and Instagram has profoundly influenced the behavioural, moral, and intellectual patterns of youth across the globe. Among Muslim youth, these effects are particularly significant as they intersect with religious, ethical, and cultural values rooted in Islamic teachings. This study examines the negative psychological, moral, and social consequences of excessive engagement with Tik-Tok and Instagram, focusing on issues such as time wastage, identity distortion, moral decline, the normalization of immodesty, and detachment from religious and communal responsibilities. Using a qualitative analytical approach, the paper draws upon empirical studies, sociological data, and classical Islamic sources to understand how digital consumerism and the pursuit of online validation erode spiritual consciousness and moral discipline. The research also highlights the subtle mechanisms through which these platforms promote materialism, narcissism, and ideological secularization among Muslim youth. In response, the study explores comprehensive solutions derived from Islamic teachings, emphasizing the Qur’ānic concept of ḥayāʼ (modesty), taqwā (God-consciousness), and the Prophetic model of social responsibility. The paper proposes an Islamic framework for ethical digital engagement that integrates self-accountability (muḥāsabah), purposeful media consumption, and community-based moral education. It concludes that effective guidance rooted in Qur’ānic principles and the Sunnah can help Muslim youth navigate modern digital environments without compromising their faith, moral integrity, or identity. Thus, the research contributes to contemporary Islamic discourse on media ethics by offering a balanced perspective that harmonizes technological participation with spiritual well-being.
An Analysis of the Critiques of Ṣūfī Beliefs on Prophethood and Messengership
The doctrines of prophethood and messengership occupy a pivotal place in Islamic theology, shaping the core of Muslim belief and intellectual reflection. Within this discourse, Ṣūfī thought elaborated distinctive interpretations of the nature, functions, and spiritual dimensions of prophethood and messengership, articulated through symbolic, metaphysical, and experiential frameworks. While these perspectives enriched the spiritual and mystical heritage of Islam, they simultaneously became a focus of criticism from opponents of Ṣūfīsm, who contended that certain mystical formulations risked compromising theological orthodoxy or obscuring doctrinal clarity. This article undertakes a critical examination of these debates by analyzing both the epistemological and metaphysical foundations of Sufi conceptions and the principal objections raised by their critics. The study seeks to provide a balanced scholarly evaluation of this controversy, tracing its implications for Islamic theology, mysticism, and the broader discourse on orthodoxy and heterodoxy within Muslim intellectual history.
Islamic Principles of Child Education and Upbringing and the Role of Parents: Study of Qur’ānic Teachings
The upbringing and character formation of children constitute a fundamental and comprehensive aspect of human life that has always been accorded exceptional significance across all eras. In the contemporary age, social evolution, intellectual and scientific advancements, and the overwhelming influence of technology have rendered the responsibilities of parents, teachers, and society more delicate and complex. This paper is in the light of the teachings of the Holy Qur’ān and the Prophet’s Sunnah (ﷺ), elucidates the principles of balanced personality development and character building of children. It particularly highlights the pivotal role of parents and social institutions in nurturing the intellectual, moral, and spiritual growth of future generations. The responsibility of parents is not confined merely to the fulfillment of material needs; rather, the holistic upbringing of faith, morality, and intellect is also an indispensable part of their duties. Islamic teachings emphasize that the formation of a child’s personality is unattainable without the integration of love, wisdom, and discipline. Parents, through their words and actions, serve as the primary role models, while educational institutions and society provide a supportive environment for the child’s moral and intellectual development. By harmonizing Islamic teachings with the demands of the modern era, a balanced and practical framework can be devised to guide the development of a moderate, cultured, and morally upright generation. It is, therefore, the mutual and balanced contribution of parents, teachers, and society that ensures the successful and effective upbringing of future generations in accordance with the Qur’ān and Sunnah.
Juristic Discourses and Modern Issues Concerning the Offspring of Crossbreeding between Ḥalāl and Ḥarām Animals: A Study in the Light of Ḥanafī Fiqh
This study explores the important juristic question of determining the permissibility (ḥalāl) or prohibition (ḥarām) of animals within the framework of Ḥanafī jurisprudence. According to the Ḥanafī school, if two permissible animals interbreed, their offspring is unanimously considered ḥalāl, and if two impermissible animals interbreed, their offspring is unanimously considered ḥarām. However, when a permissible (mākūl al-laḥm) and an impermissible (ghayr mākūl al-laḥm) animal interbreed, juristic differences arise. Some jurists hold that if the offspring resembles the impermissible parent, it should be deemed ḥarām, while another opinion states that such an offspring is categorically prohibited, since the principle is that when ḥalāl and ḥarām are combined, prohibition prevails. Nevertheless, the majority of Ḥanafī jurists maintain that the decisive factor is the mother; hence, if the mother is ḥalāl, the offspring is also considered ḥalāl, even if the father is ḥarām. This article examines these foundational principles exclusively from the Ḥanafī perspective and applies them to contemporary issues such as genetic engineering, crossbreeding, and lab-grown meat. The discussion demonstrates how classical jurisprudential principles continue to provide guidance in modern scientific contexts, underlining the need for further academic engagement with these emerging challenges.
The Defense of the Doctrine of Finality of Prophethood: A Study of Local and International Efforts
The doctrine of the Finality of Prophethood is a cornerstone of Islamic belief, ensuring the preservation of divine revelation and the protection of the Muslim community from false claims of prophethood. Throughout history, deviant movements such as Qadianism have challenged this principle, prompting the establishment of the World Council for the Protection of the Finality of Prophethood in Pakistan in 1953. The Council played a vital role in uniting Muslim scholars across different schools of thought, organizing international conferences, publishing refutations, and raising awareness about the dangers of Qadianism. Its efforts culminated in the historic 1974 resolution of the Pakistani Parliament declaring Qadianis a non-Muslim minority, an achievement further reinforced by the World Muslim League’s conference in Makkah. The Council’s activities ranging from education and media engagement to building international networks highlight the importance of collective action in defending core Islamic doctrines.
Scientific Exegesis within the Parameters of Sharīʻah: An Analytical Study of the Arguments of Proponents and Opponents
The Holy Qur’ān, as the final divine revelation, embodies an eternal miracle encompassing intellectual, rational, and spiritual dimensions. Its guidance extends to all spheres of life, providing principles of faith, law, politics, economy, and social order. With the passage of time, scholars have approached the Qur’ān through various interpretive lenses, opening ever-new avenues of research and reflection. Among these approaches, scientific exegesis (al-tafsīr al-ʿilmī) has emerged prominently in the modern era, wherein scholars attempt to interpret Qur’ānic verses in light of contemporary scientific discoveries. This trend, however, has given rise to a significant scholarly debate. Advocates of scientific tafsīr view it as a means to demonstrate the Qur’ān’s miraculous nature and its harmony with modern knowledge, while critics argue that such interpretations risk subjecting the divine text to the changing theories of science, thereby undermining its timelessness. This study critically examines the Sharīʿah status of scientific exegesis, presenting the arguments of both its proponents and opponents, and evaluates its place within the broader framework of Qur’ānic hermeneutic.
A Special Study of the Appreciation and Literary Trends from the Study of the Sīrat-al-Nabī (ﷺ) by Orientalists
This article examines the perspectives of non-Muslims on the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. It argues that while some biased non-Muslim authors have spread misinformation to undermine Islam, many others have recognized and praised the Prophet's character. The article highlights how even his enemies and contemporaries, such as Abu Sufyan (before his conversion) and leaders like Heraclius and Urwah ibn Mas'ud, acknowledged his truthfulness, trustworthiness, and profound influence. The text presents the laudatory views of several prominent non-Muslims from different eras and backgrounds. It cites figures like Thomas Carlyle, Leo Tolstoy, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Mahatma Gandhi, who admired the Prophet’s leadership, moral virtues, and transformative impact on society. The article also discusses how the Prophet's teachings on social equality and justice impressed many, including scholars like Arnold J. Toynbee and R. K. Rao. Furthermore, the article identifies three specific trends in non-Muslim writings about the Prophet: a commendatory trend, an academic/scholarly trend, and a literary/poetic trend. It explains that the scholarly trend, which emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries, focused on translating and studying early Islamic texts, leading to a more objective understanding of the Prophet's life. The literary trend, particularly prevalent among some Hindu and Sikh authors, expresses reverence and admiration through prose and poetry. The article concludes that these diverse positive portrayals from non-Muslims testify to the Prophet Muhammad’s universal and exemplary character.
The Effects of Extremism in the Light of Islamic Teachings
This research examines the phenomenon of extremism, with particular attention to its detrimental effects in light of Islamic teachings. Extremism, understood as a deviation from moderation in thought and conduct, poses a serious threat to social harmony and national stability. The study begins by exploring the meaning, scope, and contemporary manifestations of extremism, including political, religious, and ideological forms. The urgency of addressing this issue stems from its destructive consequences across multiple dimensions of human life. Among the most severe are social fragmentation, rising intolerance, and the spread of hatred. Extremism undermines political trust, discourages foreign investment, and distorts religious values for violent agendas. It further contributes to moral decline, evident in aggressive behavior and diminished patience, while also damaging the education system through intellectual stagnation and suppression of critical thought. Additional consequences include youth radicalization, cultural erosion, and the weakening of family structures. In contrast, Islam advocates balance, justice, and compassion principles that stand in direct opposition to extremist tendencies. This paper argues that revisiting and applying these foundational Islamic values provides a constructive framework for countering extremism and fostering social peace and cohesion.
A Research Study of the Tradition of Critical Aspect of Sufism in Indian Sub-Continent
Islam has historically emphasized ʿaql (rationality), fikr (critical reflection), and ʿilm (learning). The roots of critical inquiry in Islamic tradition, established during the compilation of the Qurʾān and ḥadīth, later shaped the discipline of naqd (criticism) and tajdīd (renewal). Within this intellectual framework, the tradition of critically evaluating taṣawwuf (Sufism) emerged to safeguard it from un-Islamic elements. In the Indian Subcontinent, this critical dimension of Sufism was carried forward by prominent scholars including ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Muḥaddith al-Dihlawī, Shāh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī, Sayyid Naẓīr Ḥusain al-Dihlawī, Nawāb Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān al-Bhopālī, Mawlānā Sanāʾ Allāh al-ʿAmritsarī, Qāḍī Sanāʾ Allāh Pānīpatī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī al-Thanvī, Abū al-Kalām Āzād, Muḥammad Iqbāl, and Sayyid Saʿīd Aḥmad Shāh. Their critiques addressed doctrinal, ethical, and practical dimensions of Sufi thought, ensuring its harmony with Islamic principles while rejecting innovations. This study examines the critical legacy of these scholars, highlighting how their intellectual engagement preserved the authenticity of Sufism in the Subcontinent and reinforced its integration with the broader Islamic scholarly tradition.
Ṣaḥiḥ Ibn e Ḥibbān: Introduction and Specification
This study explores Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān, one of the most significant works of ḥadīth compiled by the eminent scholar Abū Ḥātim Muḥammad ibn Ḥibbān (d. 354 AH). The book, originally titled al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥīḥ ʿalā al-Taqāsīm wa al-Anwāʿ, occupies a distinctive place in the corpus of ḥadīth literature due to its unique method of classification and critical approach to the authenticity of narrations. Unlike the traditional topical arrangement found in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Ibn Ḥibbān devised an innovative system of divisions (taqāsīm) and categories (anwāʿ), which, while systematic, often presents challenges for modern readers in locating specific traditions. Despite not being included in the Ṣiḥāḥ Sittah, the book is regarded by ḥadīth specialists as among the most reliable collections after al-Bukhārī and Muslim. Its rigorous selection criteria, methodological precision, and scholarly impact have made it a valuable source for jurists, theologians, and historians. This paper highlights the introduction, characteristics, and distinctive features of Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān, while situating its importance within the broader development of ḥadīth litreature.
The Necessity and Significance of Takhrīj al-Ḥadīth and Its Fundamental Methodologies: An Explanatory Study
The science of Takhrīj al-Ḥadīth represents a fundamental and indispensable discipline in Islamic scholarship and research. Its core objective is to trace, identify, and document the original sources of every transmitted narration, statement, or report, and to issue a scholarly judgment based on the authenticity (ṣiḥḥah), weakness (ḍaʿf), or fabrication (waḍʿ) of the ḥadīth or statement under investigation. Through this methodology, scholars and researchers are able to evaluate the reliability of the isnād (chain of transmission) and the credibility of the narrators, thereby establishing a sound intellectual foundation for resolving legal, theological, and ethical questions. The significance of Takhrīj extends beyond mere source-tracing; it serves as a vital tool for preserving the integrity of the Islamic intellectual tradition and ensuring the accuracy of contemporary research. A proper understanding of its principles equips students and researchers with the methodological rigor required to produce reliable academic outcomes. Conversely, ignorance of this science often leads to inaccuracies, weak argumentation, and an unsound scholarly mindset. In light of its necessity and scholarly value, this article seeks to highlight the importance of Takhrīj al-Ḥadīth and to provide an explanatory study of its fundamental methodologies (manāhij al-takhrīj), emphasizing its role in the advancement of Islamic studies and the cultivation of critical academic inquiry.
Ethnic, Linguistic and Religious Aggression: A Global Social Challenge and Its Remedy in the Light of the Prophetic Life
The contemporary Muslim world faces profound social challenges rooted in linguistic, religious and racial conflicts that threaten communal harmony and societal progress. Despite advancements in global human rights frameworks, these forms of aggression continue to sow division, intolerance and injustice within and beyond Muslim societies. This research critically examines the exemplary life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ as a comprehensive blueprint for addressing and resolving these enduring social maladies. Drawing upon seminal moments such as the Charter of Medina, the clemency displayed during the conquest of Mecca, and the Farewell Pilgrimage sermon, this study elucidates how the Prophet’s ﷺ teachings and practices established foundational principles of respect for linguistic diversity, religious pluralism, and racial equality. By integrating authentic Ḥadīths and classical Sīrah literature, the paper argues that the prophetic model not only promotes ethical governance but also fosters sustainable social cohesion rooted in justice, mutual respect and human dignity. This research underscores the urgent need for the Ummah to realign its socio-political strategies with the moral and practical guidance derived from the Sīrah, thereby transforming contemporary conflicts into opportunities for unity and constructive coexistence. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader discourse on social reform within Islam, offering a transformative framework to counteract sectarianism, ethnic discrimination and linguistic prejudice through the timeless wisdom of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Legal Rulings and Inheritance Concerning the Adopted Child (Mutabannā): A Research-Based Study in the Light of Sharī‘ah Texts
This article explores the Islamic and legal dimensions of child adoption with a specific focus on the implications for lineage, inheritance, and marital law in Islamic jurisprudence. While Western legal systems recognize adoption as a process that grants the adopted child full familial and inheritance rights including name change and legal parenthood Islamic law distinguishes clearly between biological and non-biological relationships. Drawing upon Qur’ānic injunctions, Prophetic traditions, and classical juristic discourse, this paper establishes that although Islam highly encourages the fostering and care of orphans and abandoned children, it prohibits the alteration of lineage and denies inheritance rights to adopted children unless granted through bequest. The research also examines Pakistan’s legal framework on guardianship under the Guardians and Wards Act 1890 and provides guidelines for ethical documentation and legal guardianship without violating Islamic principles. The paper concludes with recommendations for harmonizing child welfare with Sharī‘ah-compliant adoption practices, ensuring justice, lineage integrity, and the sanctity of Islamic family law.
The Agreed Principles of Deriving Islamic Rulings and their Impact: A Research Study of the Opinions of Jurists and Mujtahids
This research explores the unified methodology (manhaj) adopted by classical Islamic jurists (mujtahidīn) and legal scholars (fuqahāʾ) for deriving legal rulings (istinbāṭ al-aḥkām) from the primary sources of Islamic law, the Qur’ān and the Sunnah. In addition to the clear textual evidences (naṣṣ), the Islamic legal system provides mechanisms such as ijmāʿ (consensus) and qiyās (analogical reasoning) to address non-explicit legal issues. The study finds that the foundational principles for istinbāṭ are largely agreed upon among the leading schools of Islamic jurisprudence, particularly the four Sunni madhāhib (Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfiʿī, and Ḥanbalī). While minor differences do occur in application, these are generally based on interpretational preferences (rājiḥ vs marjūḥ) rather than on fundamental legal contradictions. The study draws from historical and contemporary sources to demonstrate how these jurists applied agreed-upon principles to address emerging issues in various contexts. It also explores how their methodology helped maintain legal coherence and unity in the Muslim Ummah despite contextual differences. Furthermore, the research reflects on early applications of juristic reasoning by the Companions (ṣaḥābah), such as ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib’s deduction of punishment for intoxication through analogical linkage to slander. The study concludes that the agreed methodology of legal derivation in Islamic law not only offers a consistent legal framework but also ensures that Islamic jurisprudence remains dynamic, adaptable, and spiritually rooted.